When can the President make appointments without approval?

The President has the authority to make appointments without the need for Senate approval during Senate recess. This is based on the Recess Appointments Clause found in Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution, which allows the President to fill vacancies that occur when the Senate is not in session. This power ensures that the government can continue to function effectively even when Congress is not available to confirm appointments. Such appointments are temporary and expire at the end of the next session of the Senate, which keeps the checks and balances of the appointment process intact while also allowing for the continuity of government operations during breaks in legislative activity.